Notes 43-52

After math of murder 
  • Julius Caesar’s grandnephew /adopted son Octavian takes over at the age of 18 with triumvirate
    • Mark Antony is an experienced general
    • Lepidus is a powerful politician
  • Octavian forces the weak Lepidus to retire
  • He and Mark Antony become rivals
  • Mark Antony partners up with Cleopatra of Egypt: Militarily, Personally, Politically, Economically
  • Octavian defeats them at the Battle of Actium
Octavian alone
  • unchallenged ruler of Rome
  • He was given the honorific “Augustus” - “Exalted one”
  • title “imperator”
  • Supreme military commander
  • Now Rome is an empire, not a republic
  • 40 years of ruling as emperor (27 BC to AD 14)
  • He began a stable era of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana (Roman peace)
  • Pax Romana was 207 years long- 27 BC to AD 180
  • Expanded the Roman Empire further into Africa
  • set up civil service run the gov./empire
    • Build a network of roads
    • Collect taxes
    • Establish  postal service
    • Administer grain supply
    • Build public facilities
      • Buildings, aqueducts
  • Set up police department
  • Run fire-fighting organization
  • died of natural causes
After his death it was an age of emperors passed down
  • Tiberius
    • Ruled AD 14 to AD 37
    • excellent general, but reluctant emperor
    • after death of son, he exiled himself from Rome and left his prefects in charge
    • died age 77
  • Caligula
    • Ruled AD 37 to AD 41 
    • won power struggle after Tiberius' death
    • known for  cruelty, extravagance, and perversity
    • assassinated by a group of praetorian guards, Senators, and the imperial court, trying to re-establish the Republic- but it failed
  • Claudius
    • Ruled AD 41 to AD 54
    • suffered from  infirmities: a limp, stammering, shaking, slobbering (cerebral palsy)
    • took over bc. the last adult male in family
    • ruled well - built roads, aqueducts, canals, and started the conquest of Britain
    • died by poisoning - it was his last wife's plan (wanted son Nero in power)
  • Nero 
    • ruled 54 to 68
    • emphasized the arts
    • huge fire in 64 ( DIDN'T fiddle)
    • wanted rebuild Rome to be majestic
    • overspent, and raided temples for money
    • historians don't look kindly upon him















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