Human geography

After math of murder  Julius Caesar’s grandnephew /adopted son Octavian takes over at the age of 18 with triumvirate Mark Antony is an experienced general Lepidus is a powerful politician Octavian forces the weak Lepidus to retire He and Mark Antony become rivals Mark Antony partners up with Cleopatra of Egypt: Militarily, Personally, Politically, Economically Octavian defeats them at the Battle of Actium Octavian alone unchallenged ruler of Rome He was given the honorific “Augustus” - “Exalted one” title “imperator” Supreme military commander Now Rome is an empire, not a republic 40 years of ruling as emperor (27 BC to AD 14) He began a stable era of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana (Roman peace) Pax Romana was 207 years long- 27 BC to AD 180 Expanded the Roman Empire further into Africa set up civil service run the gov./empire Build a network of roads Collect taxes Establish  postal service Administer grain supply Build public facilities Buildings, aqueducts Set up police

i will be taking the Rome test from 1:25-2:15 pm on Tue Jun 2. Poor Plebs two things: bread and circuses- bread (free grain from the state) and entertainment (Circus Maximus, Colosseum), partly to keep them alive, and partly to keep them quiet, distracted, and docile Change in rule  Tiberius Gracchus recognized advantages of befriending plebeians but unsuccessful  military generals recognized too- lead an army that conquers a land, then give them a share in the spoils- soldiers’ loyalty was to their military leader, not necessarily to Rome or the Republic Julius Cesar was a general who befriended plebs well  100 - 44 BCE successful general conquered territory of Gaul made common folks happy made friends in high places Pompey -a general who conquered Syria and Palestine Crassus - richest man in Rome, one of the richest men in history these three men formed the First Triumvirate -rule of three men crossing the Rubicon- pt. of no return  Cesar takes power

  Analyze the factors that contributed to the fall of the Roman Republic.

The Republic Collapses  Economic Turmoil growing discontent among the lower classes of society and a breakdown in military order.  Large gap in lower and upper class w/ wealth-  By 100 B.C., enslaved persons formed perhaps one-third of Rome’s population. Small farmers found it difficult to compete with the large estates run by the labor of enslaved people.- sold farm to upper class - homeless/jobless, migrant laborers, moved to other pt.'s of Rome for work Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius (GUY•us) Gracchus (GRAK•us), attempted to help Rome’s poor.  As tribunes, they proposed such reforms as limiting the size of estates and giving land to the poor. The brothers made enemies of numerous senators, who felt threatened by their ideas. violent deaths-  —Tiberius in 133 B.C. and Gaius in 121 B.C. A period of civil war, or conflict between groups within the same country, followed their deaths. Military Upheaval - a breakdown of the once-loyal military generals began seiz

The Punic wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264-146 bce. Their was a navel battle in Sicily for control of it because of its strategic location won by Rome. The second war Carthage is lead by a  29-year-old general named Hannibal who almost captures Rome. He almost does this by attacking Rome from the north after going through Iberia and the Alps. He causes chaos to that area for 15 years but can never reach his goal of overtaking Rome. Roe got sick and tired of  Carthage so they finally decided to have Scipio, Tiberius Gracchus, etc. mercilessly lay siege to Carthage. Carthage was burned for many days and the walls and buildings were destroyed. The remaining  50,000 citizens sold into slavery, and the rest of Carthage’s territories added onto Rome by being made into Roman province of Africa. The main cause of the Punic wars was Rome's want to expand its territory into Sicily, which was control by Carthage already, and to gain access to the

Tarquin's family and motives were all messed up. Tarquin’s grandfather dies, and for some reason his widow thought it was a good idea to his names Servius Tullias king, since she liked him more than her own sons. His daughters marry two brothers (Tarquin). Tullia (one of the daughter)  kills her husband and sister leaving her to marry Tarquin. Tullia persuades Tarquin to seize the throne from her father.  Tullia's father objects and Tarquin throws him into the street and then has him assassinated. Tarquin sends Tullia home for safety but if this whole situation was not bad enough she decides to , seizes the reins, when she sees her father in the street and drives her chariot over his corpse. Tarquin does not bury the body and assassinates senators who object. Tarquin’s son Sextus and his friends are drinking when Sextus rapes a matron, Lucretia with blackmail saying he will say he found her in the arms of a slave and kill her. She confesses the ordeal to her family, and commits